Acronym Definition
NNWT National Nurses Week Training
NNWT National Nursing Week Training
NNWT Neural Network Training
NNWT North-Northwest
NNWT Nor-norwest
NNWT National Northwest Territories
NNWT National New with Tag
NNWT National New World Telecom
NNWT National New World Translation (Bible)
NNWT National No Weight Transfer (Skimaire)
NNWT National normal wideband terminal (US DoD)
NNWT National North West Tonight/Today
NNWT National Northwest Territorial Mint
NNWT National Not with Team (sports)
NNWT National Nuclear Weapons Technology Programs
North-northwest or Nor-norwest, one of the principal directions on a compass or
compass rose, lying at the midpoint between the cardinal direction north and the
ordinal direction northwest
A compass rose is a figure displaying the orientation of the cardinal
directions, north, south, east and west on a map or nautical chart. Today the
use and idea of a compass rose is found on or featured in almost all navigation
systems, including nautical charts, NDB and VOR systems, some GPS sets and
similar.
History
Enlarge picture
Replica of a 32-point wind rose from a chart by Jorge de Aguiar (1492), the
oldest person signed and dated Portuguese nautical chart
Naming all 32 points on the rose is called boxing the compass.
The "rose" term arises from the fairly ornate figures used with early compasses.
A fleur-de-lis figure, evolved from the initial T in the north wind's name
Tramontane, is sometimes used to indicate the north direction. Similarly, on old
maps the east was marked with an L for Levante, or with a + indicating the
direction of Jerusalem from the point of view of western Europe's countries.
Early roses were depicted with 12 points at 30° each, as was favored by the
Romans. In the Middle Ages map makers moved to the 16-point rose complaining
that sailors did not have the education to understand the previous design. The
16-point rose has the uncomfortable number of 22 1/2° between points, but is
easily found by halving divisions and may have been easier for those not using a
360° circle. Using gradians, the sixteen-point rose will have exactly
twenty-five gradians per point in.
A Rose of the Winds is an ancient version of a compass rose which personified
compass directions as winds with individual names, such as the west wind
Zephyrus and the east wind Eurus. A fountain in Taranto, Italy was inspired by
and named after the Rose of the Winds.
The earliest 32-point compass rose was developed by Arab navigators during the
Middle Ages.[1]
Modern depictions
Enlarge picture
A 16-point compass rose
The contemporary compass rose appears as two rings, one smaller and set inside
the other. The outside ring denotes true cardinal directions while the smaller
inside ring denotes magnetic cardinal directions. True north refers to the
geographical location of the north pole while magnetic north refers to the
direction towards which the north pole of a magnetic object (as found in a
compass) will point. The angular difference between true and magnetic north is
called variation, which varies depending on location. The angular difference
between magnetic heading and compass heading is called deviation which varies by
vessel and its heading.
Pedro Reinel was the first person to draw a standard compass rose.
In popular media
HMS Compass Rose is the name of a fictional Royal Navy corvette in the novel The
Cruel Sea.
In the interactive fiction game, Beyond Zork, a compass rose is a flower that
can control the direction of the wind.
The Compass Rose is the name of a significant tavern in Mercedes Lackey's
Valdemar fantasy novels
“Cardinal point” redirects here. For other uses of the term, see Cardinal point
(disambiguation).
Enlarge picture
A compass rose showing the cardinal directions
In geography, the four principal directional indicators are marked as points or
arrowheads on a traditional magnetic compass rose. Called cardinal directions,
they are north, east, south and west. Though the names may seem arbitrary, there
are simple specific means to establish each direction, which should work
anywhere on Earth where there is a view of the sky. North and south are oriented
toward the respective poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines the
orientation of east and west.
A magnetised ferrous needle, allowed to move freely, aligns itself readily with
the Earth's natural magnetic field. Upon aligning, the needle points reliably,
but only approximately, in the directions we call north and south. This is the
very basis of the magnetic compass. By an amazing coincidence the star Polaris
is currently pointed to by the earth's axis (which changes over thousands of
years due to the precession of the equinoxes). We call the end of the Earth's
axis that is closest to Polaris the North Pole. The opposite end of the butt
axis is named the South Pole.
Due to the Earth's rotation, the sun rises during the morning in the east and
sets during the evening in the west. (This definition of east and west is a
matter of convention.)
With the cardinal points thus defined, by convention cartographers draw standard
maps with north (N) at the top, and east (E) at the right. In turn, maps provide
a systematic means to record where places are, and cardinal directions are the
foundation of a structure for telling someone how to find those places.
North (N) does not have to be at the top. Portable GPS-based navigation
computers can be set to display maps either conventionally (N always up, E
always right) or with the current instantaneous direction of travel, called the
heading, always up (and whatever direction is +90° from that to the right).
The direction of travel required to reach the intended destination is called the
bearing. Since the real world presents numerous obstacles, one must adjust his
or her heading accordingly. Upon moving forward, the bearing will change so that
it always points at the destination, thereby giving clues as to which way one
should turn. When you are traveling, it can be easier to figure out where your
next turn is, and whether to turn left or right, when the direction of travel is
always up.
The directional names are also routinely and very conveniently associated with
the degrees of rotation in the unit circle, a necessary step for navigational
calculations (derived from trigonometry) and/or for use with Global Positioning
Satellite (GPS) Receivers. The four cardinal directions correspond to the
following degrees of a compass:
* North (N): 0° = 360°'
* East (E): 90°'
* South (S): 180°'
* West (W): 270°'
An ordinal, or intercardinal, direction is one of the four intermediate compass
directions located halfway between the cardinal directions.
* Northeast (NE), 45°, halfway between north and east, is the opposite of
southwest.
* Southeast (SE), 135°, halfway between south and east, is the opposite of
northwest.
* Southwest (SW), 225°, halfway between south and west, is the opposite of
northeast.
* Northwest (NW), 315°, halfway between north and west, is the opposite of
southeast.
There are also numerous additional intermediate points both named and numbered,
a topic well addressed by Boxing the compass.
Beyond geography
Children are sometimes taught the order of these directions (clockwise, from
North) by using a mnemonic, such as "Naughty Elephants Squirt Water", "Never Eat
Soggy Waffles"("Weet-bix" in Australia), "Never Eat Slimy Worms", or "Never Eat
Shredded Wheat".
In mathematics, cardinal directions or cardinal points are the six principal
directions or points of the 3D world in a solid.
In the real world there are six cardinal directions not involved with geography
which are north, south, east, west, up and down.
Germanic origin of names
During the Migration Period, the Germanic languages' names for the cardinal
directions entered the Romance languages, where they replaced the Latin names
borealis (or septentrionalis) with north, australis (or meridionalis) with
south, occidentalis with west and orientalis with east. It is possible that some
northern people used the Germanic names for the intermediate directions.
Medieval Scandinavian orientation would thus have involved a 45 degree rotation
of cardinal directions.[1]
Cardinal directions in world cultures
Many cultures not descended from European traditions use cardinal directions,
but have a number other than four. Typically, a “center” direction is added, for
a total of five. Rather than the Western use of direction letters, properties
such as colors are often associated with the various cardinal directions—these
are typically the natural colors of human perception rather than optical primary
colors. Some examples are shown here; for more (esp. with regard to American
Indian tribes) see Colors of the Four Directions.
In many regions of the world, prevalent winds change direction seasonally, and
consequently many cultures associate specific named winds with cardinal and
ordinal directions. The classical Greeks personified these winds as Anemoi. The
article on boxing the compass contains a more recent list of directional winds
from the Mediterranean Sea.
Dynastic Chinese culture and some other Central Asian cultures view the center
as a fifth principal direction hence the English translated term "Five Cardinal
Points". Where it is different than the west, is that the term is used as a
foundation for I Ching, the Five Elements and the five Naked-eye planets.
Each direction is often identified with a color, and geographical or ethnic
terms may contain the name of the color instead of the name of the corresponding
direction [2][2]. These traditions were also carried west by the westward
migration of the Turkic peoples.
East: Green/Blue (青 "qīng" corresponds to green or blue); Spring; Wood
Qingdao (Tsingtao) "Green Island": a city on the east coast of China
West: White; Autumn; Metal
White Sheep Turkmen
Ak Deniz "White Sea" in Turkish indicates the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, or
the Mediterranean Sea
North: Black; Winter; Water
Heilongjiang "Black Dragon River" province in Northeast China, also the Amur
River
Black Sea: north of Turkey
Kara-Khitan Khanate
Center: Yellow; Earth
Huangshan "Yellow Mountain" in central China
Golden Horde: "Central Army" of the Mongols
In Mesoamerica and North America, many traditional indigenous beliefs include
four cardinal directions and a center. Each direction was associated with a
color, which varied between groups but which generally corresponded to the hues
of corn (green, black, red, white, and yellow). There seems to be no “preferred”
way of assigning these colors; as shown in the table, great variety in color
symbolism occurs even among cultures that are close neighbors geographically.
Non-compass directional systems
Use of the compass directions is common and deeply embedded in European culture,
and perhaps even more so in Chinese culture. Some other cultures make greater
use of other referents, such as towards the sea or towards the mountains
(Hawaii, Bali), or upstream and downstream (most notably in ancient Egypt, also
in the Yurok and Karok languages). Lengo (Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands) has four
non-compass directions: landward, seaward, upcoast, and downcoast.
The names of ordinal directions
In some languages, such as Finnish and Estonian, there are words for ordinal
directions that are not compounds of the names of the cardinal directions (as,
for instance, northeast is compounded from north and east). In Finnish those are
(listed clockwise starting from northeast) koillinen, kaakko, lounas and luode.
Magnetic north and declination
Magnetic north is of interest because it is the direction indicated as north on
a properly functioning (but uncorrected) magnetic compass. The difference
between it and true north is called the magnetic declination (or simply the
declination where the context is clear). For many purposes and physical
circumstances, the error in direction that results from ignoring the distinction
is tolerable; in others a mental or instrument compensation, based on assumed
knowledge of the applicable declination, can solve all the problems. But simple
generalizations on the subject should be treated as unsound, and as likely to
reflect popular misconceptions about terrestrial magnetism.
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